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How effective is gabapentin in reducing leg pain caused by diabetic neuropathy compared with placebo?


Gabapentin is one of the most commonly prescribed medications for neuropathic pain associated with nerve injury. This review provides an updated synthesis of available evidence, building on earlier reports from 2010, 2015, 2021, and 2025.

Objectives
The purpose of this analysis is to determine the effectiveness of gabapentin in reducing chronic neuropathic pain in adults and to evaluate its possible adverse effects.

Search Methods
For this update, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2014 and January 2017. Additional references were identified from previous reviews, relevant studies, and online clinical trial registries.

Selection Criteria
Eligible trials were randomized, double-blind studies lasting a minimum of two weeks. All compared gabapentin, regardless of dosage or route of administration, with either placebo or an alternative active treatment. Pain outcomes were measured based on patient self-report.

Data Collection and Analysis
Data were independently extracted by two reviewers, who also assessed the methodological quality and risk of bias of each study. The main outcomes included the proportion of participants experiencing significant pain relief (at least 50% reduction from baseline or a rating of “very much improved” on the Patient Global Impression of Change [PGIC]) and moderate relief (at least 30% reduction or “much”/“very much improved” on PGIC). Whenever possible, results were pooled to provide overall estimates of treatment effect. Dichotomous data were used to calculate risk ratios (RR) and numbers needed to treat (NNT) for both beneficial and harmful outcomes. The certainty of evidence was graded using the GRADE approach, and summary tables were compiled.

Main Results
This updated review included four new studies with 530 participants and excluded three earlier trials involving 126 participants. In total, 37 studies with 5,914 participants were analyzed. Most trials assessed oral gabapentin or gabapentin enacarbil at daily doses of 1200 mg or higher for different types of neuropathic pain, mainly postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy. Study durations ranged from four to twelve weeks. Several reports lacked full clinical outcome data. The main risks of bias were related to small sample sizes, particularly in crossover studies, and incomplete handling of data after participant withdrawal.

In postherpetic neuralgia, 32% of participants treated with gabapentin (≥1200 mg/day) experienced substantial pain relief compared with 17% on placebo (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5–2.1; NNT 6.7). Moderate relief was reported in 46% of the gabapentin group versus 25% with placebo (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.6–2.0; NNT 4.8). The certainty of evidence was rated as moderate.

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Results in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
For painful diabetic neuropathy, 38% of participants receiving gabapentin at 1200 mg/day or higher achieved significant pain reduction (≥50% decrease or “very much improved” on the PGIC scale), compared with 23% in the placebo group (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4–2.0; NNT 6.6). Moderate relief (≥30% decrease or “much”/“very much improved” on PGIC) was reported by 52% on gabapentin versus 37% on placebo (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.3–1.6; NNT 6.6). Certainty of evidence was also moderate.

Adverse Events and Tolerability
Withdrawals due to side effects were more frequent with gabapentin (11%) than with placebo (8.2%) (RR 1.4; NNH 30). Serious adverse events occurred at similar rates—3.2% for gabapentin and 2.8% for placebo. A total of eight deaths were reported, but the certainty of evidence was very low.

Mild to moderate side effects were more common with gabapentin: 63% of participants experienced at least one adverse event, compared with 49% on placebo (RR 1.3; NNH 7.5). The most frequently reported were dizziness (19%), drowsiness (14%), peripheral edema (7%), and balance or gait problems (14%).

Authors’ Conclusions
Buy Gabapentin at daily doses of 1800–3600 mg (or 1200–3600 mg for gabapentin enacarbil) may provide meaningful pain relief for some individuals with postherpetic neuralgia or painful diabetic neuropathy. Evidence for other neuropathic conditions remains limited.

A 50% or greater reduction in pain intensity is often viewed by patients as a clinically important outcome, typically linked to improvements in sleep, energy, mood, quality of life, daily functioning, and ability to work. Around 30–40% of patients on gabapentin achieved this level of benefit compared with 10–20% receiving placebo. However, more than half of patients may not experience significant improvement and are at risk of adverse effects. These conclusions are consistent with previous versions of the review.

Introduction
Gabapentin online is prescribed either as monotherapy or as an adjunct treatment for both simple and complex partial seizures in adults and children. In adults, it is also approved for the management of neuropathic pain. Beyond these established uses, clinical literature has reported potential benefits of gabapentin in a variety of other medical conditions.

Aim of the Study
The purpose of this review is to summarize recent evidence on the use of gabapentin across different areas of medicine, including toxicology, dermatology, gynecology, and psychiatry. The overview also considers reports regarding the potential misuse or abuse of the drug.

Materials and Methods
A structured literature review was conducted using the PubMed database. Specific search terms were applied to identify studies investigating the clinical applications of gabapentin across multiple medical specialties.

Results
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant structurally related to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Although it is classified as a GABA analog, its mechanism of action differs from that of traditional GABAergic drugs. Its approved therapeutic uses include the treatment of partial seizures and neuropathic pain. Evidence also highlights several off-label applications, such as management of alcohol withdrawal, treatment of chronic pruritus, relief of menopausal hot flashes, and use in certain anxiety disorders.

Summary
Gabapentin demonstrates therapeutic potential in a wide range of medical contexts. However, variations in reported outcomes and the limited size of many studies highlight the need for further large-scale research to confirm these effects and establish a clearer safety profile.